Fantastic Realism is a genre WHICH remind us of Russia and its great writer Dostoevsky. This genre has been developed in Iran among Iranian writers who have been familiar with THE books of world literature, especially Russian literature. Fantastic Realism employs and combines reality and imagination, and while it concerns THE reality related to human beings, it pictures that kind of reality WHICH is internal. That is why THE reader has some difficulty in finding THE true meaning in such novels. Among THE Iranian writers, Khosro Hamzavi is more inclined to this genre and THE novel THE CITY WHICH DIED UNDER THE CEDAR TREES is one of THE best novels of this writer WHICH is written on THE basis and reflects Fantastic Realism. THE CITY WHICH DIED UNDER THE CEDAR TREES is discussed in this paper based on Fantastic Realism using a descriptive-analytic method.

A B S T R A C TTHE right to THE CITY in urban development goes beyond THE physical form and, at THE same time, has a mental and social meaning, WHICH has been popularized in planning THEory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This THEory focuses on THE residents and THE distinctive features of THE space and believes that THE right to THE CITY can only be formulated as THE right to THE evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze THE components of right to THE CITY in Bandar Abbas. THErefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around THE research components, THE multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate THE data in THE ArcMap Tools. THE findings show that in THE current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, THE right to THE CITY in all its aspects, THE right to ownership, THE right to participation and THE right to difference for THE residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of THE CITY space, WHICH is mainly directed to THE wealthy neighborhoods and parts of THE central areas of THE CITY, as well as parts of new developments, THE right to THE CITY has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of THE CITY spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of THE CITY, this right has been UNDERmined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionTHE right to THE CITY as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, WHICH has been popularized in planning THEory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This THEory focuses on THE residents and THE distinctive features of THE space and believes that THE right to THE CITY can only be formulated as THE right to THE evolved and renewed urban life. In oTHEr words, this THEory is a call for THE priority of THE consumption value of THE CITY against its exchange value, WHICH can only be pursued through THE analysis of urban issues in THE framework of THE "CITY space" metaphor in THE right to THE CITY. It is a fundamental change in THE CITY to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve THEir needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze THE explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from THE perspective of THE right to THE CITY. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, THE COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in THE ArcMap environment. Citizens are THE source of mental data, official documents and maps are THE objective data, and experts are THE relative weight of THE criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee THE validity of THE content based on THE guidance of supervisors and advisors, THE collective opinion of university experts and THE use of similar studies were exerted. THE reliability of THE questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and THE value of THE alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates THE high reliability of THE questionnaire. Results and discussionTHE findings show that in THE current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, THE right to THE CITY in all its aspects, including THE right to possession, THE right to participation, and THE right to difference for THE residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of THE findings shows that THE social function of THE CITY's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has THE greatest impact on THE urban development of Bandar Abbas. On THE oTHEr hand, socio-spatial justice in THE process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows THE lowest level of influence in THE development of Bandar Abbas compared to oTHEr components of THE right to THE CITY. THE results show that about 20% of THE area of Bandar Abbas CITY is in a very unfavorable situation compared to THE components of urban development based on THE right to THE CITY approach. THEse areas of THE CITY are spaces where THE residents' right to THE CITY has been severely denied, and THEy are deprived of taking over THE CITY space.In this regard, THE results show that 20.7% of THE CITY's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of THE CITY's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has THE right to a greater manifestation of THE CITY. THE CITY's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in THE spatial distribution of THE urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on THE right to THE CITY approach, THE possession of space through THE right to presence, THE accessibility of residents to THE opportunities and resources of THE CITY, as well as THE fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as THE results show, it is THE difference that gives meaning to THE urban space, and THErefore THE space must provide THE conditions for THE CITY to play a role in meeting THE needs of all CITY groups. THE requirement of this role is THE central position of THE residents in making decisions about THE CITY space, WHICH is a unique way to realize THE right to THE CITY. ConclusionAs Brenner states, THE right to THE CITY is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at THE same time. In terms of THE right to THE CITY, THE right to possession, THE right to participation, and THE right to difference form THE trinity of urban development and THE guiding light of THEse three principles that determine THE quality of a different CITY. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. THE zoning resulting from THE spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of THE CITY's spaces, WHICH mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From THE THEoretical aspect of THE right to THE CITY, this event originates from THE space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in THE market, not a consumption thing formed by THE citizens and in social interaction with THE space. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

ABSTRACT Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test wheTHEr vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how THE ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using THE GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. THE results of Palmer's drought index show that during THE statistical period (1985-2020) THE study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, THE results indicate THE longest period of drought in THE region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, THE NDVI index is below THE change threshold in 70 months. Among THEse, 31 months of THE study period is below THE acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, WHICH is ecologically worrying. THE distribution of THE vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, THE graph deviated from THE normal state and skewed towards THE vegetation cover index UNDER stress or even thin covers. According to THE analysis of THE indicators, it is predicted that THE Gorgan region is on THE border of such ecological developments and THE historical ecosystem of THE region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances Extended Abstract Introduction Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on terrestrial ecosystems have caused great concern to humans. THEse changes are effective on vegetation performance, plant distribution patterns, and have economic and environmental consequences. THErefore, it is important to know THE behavioral pattern of vegetation changes against climate changes. Reviewing THE studies of scientists in THE world shows many researchers have used THE NDVI index to study temporal and spatial changes in vegetation and its relationship with THE climatic index of precipitation in different parts of THE world. Studies have shown that NDVI follows precipitation with different time scales. Surveys showed that THEre are very few studies on determining THE threshold of changes in THE vegetation cover index in THE face of climate shocks. Determining THEse thresholds can provide a suitable solution for evaluating THE state of THE ecosystem, THE consequences of climate shocks and THE reversibility or disturbance in THE ecosystem. This study was conducted with THE aim of improving our UNDERstanding of THE dynamics of vegetation in THE forest CITY of Gorgan during 1985-2020 against climatic stresses.   Methodology THE current research is a comparative and monitoring research and seeks to test wheTHEr changes in vegetation cover are sensitive to climate shocks and also how THE ecosystem recovery process is through this index. To achieve THE gole, first, NDVI index was selected among THE optimal vegetation indices and its calculation process was done as a time series in THE GEE system. In parallel with those climate shocks, THE main elements including temperature, precipitation and storm were calculated during THE historical process of 35 years and THE average and standard deviation statistical indicators were calculated for THEm and THE trend of changes in THE thresholds was determined. THE results of climate plots and climate changes show that in THE years before 1985, 2005 and 2020, drastic changes have occurred in climatic elements and climatic factors. THErefore, THEse years can be considered as THE periods when THE climate shock happened.. Next, THE region was divided into 436 hexagons and THE NDVI index for each of THE hexagons was calculated and modeled for THE years 1985, 2005 and 2020 as selected years affected by climate shocks. In conclusion, to analyze THE trend of changes in THE time series of THE vegetation index and compare THE behavior of its changes with climatic indices, THE Palmer index was calculated.   Results and discussion THE results of climate change monitoring based on THE Palmer index showed that during THE statistical period THE study area is facing drought in most years. THE most severe climatic fluctuations and drought in THE region were recorded in 2018 and in THE months of October to December. THE longest period of drought has also prevailed in THE region from 2013 to 2020. During this period, rainfall, temperature and storm fluctuations have THE most changes. THE results of drought monitoring show that in 270 months, THE region is facing climatic drought stress, 57 months of THE study period, THE region is facing severe and very severe drought stress. THE results of THE time series of THE NDVI vegetation index showed that, out of THE 420 evaluated months, 70 months of THE year THE NDVI index is below THE change threshold, 31 of WHICH are in THE green and non-accumulating seasons, THE seasons when THE vegetation is expected to be at its maximum. Placing below THE acceptable range means crossing THE ecological thresholds and challenges THE recovery and restoration of THE ecosystem, also THE ecological performance will be affected at this point. Based on THE assessment of THE Palmer index, from 2014 to 2019, THE situation of THE Palmer index is in THE extreme drought range. Also, since 2015, i.e. with a one-year time delay, NDVI index has experienced THE lower limit of THE equilibrium threshold of vegetation cover. THEse conditions are also valid for THE years 2008, 2009, 2002 and 1997. In general, it can be said that THE vegetation cover index is dependent on climatic changes and fluctuations and shows high sensitivity to changes. THE important point in this section is that in THE years when THE NDVI index changes are at THE lower limit of THE threshold, we witness THE most climate shocks and temperature changes, THE occurrence of severe storms and precipitation fluctuations. THE distribution of THE vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 have a normal distribution; but in 2020, THE graph has deviated from THE normal state and skewed towards THE vegetation cover index UNDER stress or even thin covers. THE visual interpretation done on THE vegetation cover index in 1985 confirms THE condition of THE vegetation cover in THE souTHErn and western limits of THE region in a state with suitable dense and pasture vegetation and forest cover on THE edges. However, in 2005 and 2020, this cover has been changed and mainly turned into agricultural land and poor rangeland. In such a way that in 2020, THE situation of THE region has revealed THE critical state of vegetation. THE vegetation cover index in THE central areas of THE CITY has also reached from a relatively favorable situation in 1985 to a critical situation with almost no dense and stress-free vegetation cover in 2020. THE results of THE present studies are consistent with THE studies of Visentr Serrano et al. in 2013 and confirm THE relationship between NDVI vegetation and climate change. In addition, THE results of THE studies are consistent with THE studies of Alwesabi 2012, Xiai & Moody, 2005 and Yan et al. 2001. In such a way that THE present study and THE aforementioned studies all confirm THE influence of THE vegetation index on climate fluctuations and precipitation with a one-year time difference.       Conclusion In general, THE threshold is defined as a border with different conditions. After crossing THE thresholds, THE stability and positioning of THE NDVI in THE equilibrium range is often difficult, and THE ecosystem is constantly spending energy to restore itself or to position itself in a new stability state. THE result of THE mentioned disorders is THE reduction of resilience and resistance in THE region, WHICH leads THE ecosystem to alternative states or crossing THE threshold or being in a new equilibrium state. THE results showed that THE areas where green vegetation is concentrated and denser are less affected by climatic stresses and show more resilience. However, THE areas that have become spots and islands due to destruction in THE urban areas are more affected by climatic stress and destruction and show less tolerance against THE destruction factors. THE results help managers to focus THEir management plans for THE preservation and maintenance of urban green spaces as well as forest and pasture ecotones on THE edge of THE CITY by knowing THE thresholds.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected THE information required for this research. THE statistical population of THE research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, WHICH consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size according to THE Cochran formula was 364. THE study results of THE stuDIED residential complexes from THE perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among THE investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had THE lowest connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes, and THE highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among THE oTHEr results of this research, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient among THE investigated components. In THE first place, THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, THE multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in THE third place, THE security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in THE fourth place and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In THE public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, THE issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost THE social life of citizens by strengTHEning social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. THE residential environment conveys THE residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to THE different arrangements of THE blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of THE public space in it, WHICH, according to THE way THEy are arranged, have different potentials from THE point of view of sociability in THEm. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces THE sense of belonging to a place, security, and oTHEr issues caused by not paying attention to THE quality of collective life in housing. THE main question is: - What are THE components of THE spatial structure affecting THE sociability of residential complexes in THE CITY of Kermanshah?   Methodology THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected THE information needed for this research. In THE field method, primary data collection has been done according to THE research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, WHICH consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size was estimated to be 364 people using THE Cochran formula. Factors such as THE ease of access to THE complexes, THE willingness and cooperation of THE residents and THE management of THE complexes were also influential in selecting THE samples stuDIED in this research. In this research, in order to investigate THE sociability of residential complexes based on THE   THEoretical framework prepared in THE present research, THE physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of THE stuDIED samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including THE playground, gaTHEring space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze THE data.   Results and discussion In this research, THE relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, WHICH includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as THE basis of THE research case. Among THE samples stuDIED, Rahan residential complex has THE lowest connectivity index compared to oTHEr complexes; THE largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of THE spaces and accesses in THE Rahan complex is very weak and lower than THE rest of THE complexes. According to THE numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at THE same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have THE best performance in this aspect; THE placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Among THE investigated sociability components, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient. In THE first place THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, and THE multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In THE third place, THE security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in THE fourth place, and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in THE common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with oTHErs comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near THE door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of THE window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine THE condition of THE stuDIED residential complexes from THE perspective of sociability. THE results showed that Rahan residential complex had THE lowest level of connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes and THE largest share of this. THE comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In THE public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, THE issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost THE social life of citizens by strengTHEning social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. THE residential environment conveys THE residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to THE different arrangements of THE blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of THE public space in it, WHICH, according to THE way THEy are arranged, have different potentials from THE point of view of sociability in THEm. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces THE sense of belonging to a place, security, and oTHEr issues caused by not paying attention to THE quality of collective life in housing. THE main question is: - What are THE components of THE spatial structure affecting THE sociability of residential complexes in THE CITY of Kermanshah?   Methodology THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected THE information needed for this research. In THE field method, primary data collection has been done according to THE research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, WHICH consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size was estimated to be 364 people using THE Cochran formula. Factors such as THE ease of access to THE complexes, THE willingness and cooperation of THE residents and THE management of THE complexes were also influential in selecting THE samples stuDIED in this research. In this research, in order to investigate THE sociability of residential complexes based on THE THEoretical framework prepared in THE present research, THE physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of THE stuDIED samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including THE playground, gaTHEring space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze THE data.   Results and discussion In this research, THE relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, WHICH includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as THE basis of THE research case. Among THE samples stuDIED, Rahan residential complex has THE lowest connectivity index compared to oTHEr complexes; THE largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of THE spaces and accesses in THE Rahan complex is very weak and lower than THE rest of THE complexes. According to THE numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at THE same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have THE best performance in this aspect; THE placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Among THE investigated sociability components, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient. In THE first place THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, and THE multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In THE third place, THE security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in THE fourth place, and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in THE common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with oTHErs comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near THE door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of THE window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine THE condition of THE stuDIED residential complexes from THE perspective of sociability. THE results showed that Rahan residential complex had THE lowest level of connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes and THE largest share of this. THE comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability.

Due to its special natural and geographical conditions, THE CITY of Tonekabon is susceptible to many shocks, including earthquakes and floods, WHICH brings THE need to pay attention to urban resilience. THE present study was conducted to analyze THE state of urban neighborhoods from THE perspective of urban resilience components. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. THE research's statistical population was comprised of citizens living in Tonekabon CITY. Using Cochran's formula, THE statistical sample size was estimated to be 384 people. THE data collection tool was a questionnaire, THE validity of WHICH was verified in THE form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of THE questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software programs. THE findings of this research showed that THE overall resilience of Tonekabon CITY is in an unfavorable situation. In such a way, THE average experimental value obtained for THE overall resilience of THE CITY and its dimensions was lower than THE average value of 3. Among THE localities of THE stuDIED area, Karim Abad neighborhood, in WHICH THE overall average obtained was equal to 2.78, was in a better condition than oTHEr localities, and Tonekabon neighborhood, according to THE average (2.39), was in an unfavorable condition among THE stuDIED localities. Among THE oTHEr research findings, among THE components of urban resilience, THE physical factor with a path coefficient of 0.490 has THE most significant impact and was ranked first, followed by THE economic factor with a path coefficient of 0.348. In third place is THE administrative, institutional factor with a path coefficient of 0.327 and in fourth place is THE social dimension with a path coefficient of 0.264.

A B S T R A C T Green CITY is one of THE approaches to sustainable development. “green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with THE concept of sustainable development and can be used for THE welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on THE concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have THE least destructive effect on THE ecosystems upon WHICH cities rely. Green CITY is one of THE sustainable development approaches that reduce THE environmental footprint of cities. THE purpose of this study is to evaluate THE situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of THE objective characteristics of THE green CITY. In this study, 14 indicators of electriCITY consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine THE importance of research indicators, THE Shannon entropy method, and THE status of Mashhad CITY areas in terms of green CITY indicators, THE VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. THE results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green CITY characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on THE results of this part of THE research, District 5, with THE value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in THE last rank in terms of objective characteristics of THE green CITY Extended Abstract Introduction Green CITY is one of THE approaches to sustainable development. A “Green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with THE concept of sustainable development and can be used for THE welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on THE concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have THE least destructive effect on THE ecosystems upon WHICH cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage THEir environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging THE development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by THE Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with THE financial support of Siemens and THE aim of reducing THE environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, THE Economist Intelligence Unit, with THE financial support of Siemens, evaluated THE status of THE green CITY index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, THE issue of protecting THE environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of THE Constitution of THE Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is THE second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of THE counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to THE 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (THE Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including THE presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (THE Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) THE 2025 vision of THE CITY has paid attention to THE environment in THE form of five general objectives; however, just like THE national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green CITY, is determined. Analysis of THE green CITY index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating THE present situation in oTHEr cities of Iran and improving THE quality of life regardless of THE current status of THE urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve THEse environments as parts of THE natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, THE present study is an applied one; in THE study, drawing upon oTHEr studies and library sources and considering THE conditions of Iran and THE metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, THE required data for THE quantitative indices was gaTHEred by library research from THE relevant institutions. Next, THE weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. THEn, using THE VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, THE status of various districts of THE metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY was determined. Finally, THE map of THE spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using THE ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze THE status of THE metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering THE value of THE VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY. THE results of THE current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of THE green CITY, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and THE seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on THE results of this part of THE research, District 5, with THE value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in THE last rank in terms of objective characteristics of THE green CITY.   Conclusion Similarly, THE results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of THE unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (THE biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green CITY features. Comparing THE results of THE studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with THE present study on Mashhad (THE second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals THE necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to THE specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of THE required data, THE indices used in THE present study are somewhat different from THE ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific

A B S T R A C TTHE purpose of this study is to measure THE level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify THE impact of social capital and its dimensions on THE concept of housing sustainability. THE research method is descriptive and survey type. THE statistical population of THE research includes all THE residential complexes of Gorgan CITY, of WHICH 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and stuDIED using THE two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using THE formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for THE concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. THE findings showed that THEre is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with THE dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. THE results showed that THE integrated model in THE present study was able to explain THE relationship between social capital and THE concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. THErefore, this model can be useful for oTHEr urban areas of THE countryExtended AbstractIntroductionTHE home is THE source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. THErefore, THE category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to THE place in THE physical concept, includes all THE services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, THE mere attention to THE economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in THE course of THEse unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from THE design of human habitation, oTHEr dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of THE economic dimension and consequently a small increase in THE construction and architecture of residential complexes and oTHEr dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and THE environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has THE least incompatibility with THE natural environment around it and in a wider area with THE region and THE world; it creates problems for THE CITY and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only THE economic dimension in mind, THE result of WHICH is THE construction of housing in different parts of THE CITY, WHICH has THE least coordination and compatibility with oTHEr aspects of sustainable development. Given THE above, THE importance of THE present study, attention to THE principles of sustainable development and THE need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in THE space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to THE purpose of THE research and THE level of data analysis, THE survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. THE statistical population of THE study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. THE sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that THE statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and THEn THE quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to THE frequency distribution of each cluster. In THE next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify THE validity of THE tool, THE formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine THE reliability of THE instrument. Results and discussionAccording to THE results of t-test, it can be said that THE social capital index is not desirable. THE average of social capital index is lower than THE hypoTHEtical average. This means that THE amount of social capital of THE residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at THE desired level. This is if THE level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, THEre is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and social capital. And THE order of THE effect of social capital variable on THE dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on THE results of THE probability ratio of THE Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that THE regression model is a good model in WHICH independent variables are well able to explain THE changes of THE dependent variable. THE results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that THE estimated value of THE social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, WHICH shows that assuming THE effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in THE independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, THE dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of THE effectiveness of THE stuDIED factors indicates that THE factor of formal participation has THE first place in determining THE sustainability of housing. After this factor, THE mental class factor is in THE second place, THEn THE residential home ownership factor is in THE third place. ConclusionOne of THE issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, WHICH is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in THE documents of THE Second Human Settlement Summit is THE importance of THE role of sustainable housing and THE provision of adequate housing for THE people in THE development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In THE meantime, THE role of social factors or in oTHEr words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in THE structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at THE individual and community level. Accordingly, THE main purpose of this study is to measure THE social capital of residents and THE sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on THE results, THE four dimensions of THE dependent variable are affected by THE social capital variable. This means that THE existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide THE stability of THE residential complex. As long as THE residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each oTHEr, THE stability of THE residential complex is provided; Residents to protect THE complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each oTHEr.FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

Purpose: THE purpose of this research was to compare THE sense of belonging to THE school, THE perception of THE school atmosphere and THE academic vitality of elementary school boys in non-profit and normal schools in Qain CITY. Method: THE method of this research was descriptive and comparative. THE statistical population of this research included all elementary students of non-profit and normal schools in Qain CITY in THE academic year of 2023-2024. From among THE statistical population, 114 students (57 regular students and 57 male students from non-profit schools) were selected as THE research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect research data, Barry, Betty and Watt (2004) School Belonging Questionnaire, Reddy and Rhodes (2007) Perception of School Atmosphere Questionnaire and Martin and Marsh (2008) Academic Vitality Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze THE research data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Findings: THE results of THE research data analysis showed that THEre is a significant difference between THE variables of feeling of belonging to school, perception of school atmosphere and academic vitality in non-profit and normal school students (p<0.005). In oTHEr words, THE sense of belonging to THE school, THE perception of THE school atmosphere, and THE academic vitality of non-profit students are more than THE students of normal schools.Conclusion:THE results of this research showed that THE scores of normal students in THE stuDIED variables are lower than those of non-profit students, so normal schools should provide training to strengTHEn academic variables

One of THE most important forest TREES in THE south of Kerman, WHICH plays an important role in THE region's ecosystem and beekeeping industry and is infected by wood-eating beetles, is Prosopis cineraria. THEse TREES are an important habitat for various animals and refreshing THE hot air of THE south. In THE sampling conducted during 1401-1400 from THE mesquite forests of souTHErn Kerman (Ghaleganj, Faryab, Anbarabad), THE wood-eating beetle Xylopertha reflexicauda (Bostrichidae) was collected for THE first time from Prosopis cineraria TREES and is identified. THE species of wood-eating beetle was identified by reliable scientific sources and was finally confirmed by Mr. Dr. Len Yu Liu. This species was first identified and described by Lesne in 1937. Due to THE lack of water and recent droughts and THE weakness of Iranian mesquite TREES, THE larvae of this beetle are active inside THE trunk and bark of mesquite TREES and feed on THE wood and bark of tree trunks and cause great damage to Prosopis cineraria TREES.

THE current research was conducted with THE aim of determining THE effectiveness of training courses held for teachers based on THE Kirkpatrick model. THE research population is all THE people who participated in THE mentioned training courses and finally, 123 people who participated in THE courses during 2013-2014 were selected as a sample through simple random sampling method. This research is descriptive in terms of data collection, practical in terms of purpose, and evaluation in terms of function. To collect information in THE first level, THE reaction level evaluation form was used, and in THE second and third levels, a questionnaire was used to evaluate learning and behavior. One-sample t-test was used to analyze THE obtained data. THE findings of THE research indicated that THEre was no optimal effectiveness in all four levels of reaction, learning, behavior and results, and THE main reasons for this were THE failure to conduct a needs assessment for THE mentioned courses, and THE lack of mastery of THE professors of THE courses. THE content and method of teaching, lack of attention and correct criteria to attract THE professors of THE courses, lack of motivation in THE teachers to participate effectively in THE courses and attend only to receive certificates and degrees, and lack of attention to useful and practical content in THE courses.